Information Science

The Information Science is the discipline that				hundreds of end users in the organization that
investigates the properties and behavior of				used the same data for various applications. The
information, the forces that govern the flow and				data, instead of being localized and controlled by
the means to process the information for				the central data processing, have been used by
maximum accessibility and utility. It has a				hundreds of employees from their computers,
component of pure science research that is not				each more powerful than the large computers as
related to its application and a component of				half of the 1980s. This system makes the
applied science, which develops products and				management and institutional changes This new
services				hardware makes the software more powerful,
Administration				easy to use for beginners. In a few hours,
The Information Management (IM) of helps in				employees can learn respect not able to use a
increasing the competitiveness of business and				word processor and prepare schemes and
organizational processes of modernization from				applications of telecommunications in a
the point of view of planning and strategic use of				microcomputer. Additionally, you can now, for end
information and associated technologies, and				users to design their own simple applications and
quality specifications, content and information				systems without the help of programmers.
security in the company.				In the early 1990s, the IT enabled the
The importance of the Information Technology is				transformation of business, acquiring a strategic
the application of the storage and retrieval of				nature. The evolution of the role of technology is
information and its dissemination in the data banks				tied to scientific and technological advances in the
and networks of computers suitable for different				field of information technology, the pressures of
systems. Information Society Human				an increasingly competitive environment and
conglomerate that, by virtue of technological				changes in the design of strategies for managing
change, has had its shares of survival and				the business. There is a growing interdependence
development based on the creation, storage,				between business strategies, roles and
distribution and intense use of information				procedures, on the one hand, and software,
resources. Every system that using or not the				hardware, data and telecommunications, on the
resources of Information Technology, manipulates				other. A change in any of these components
and generates information can generally be				often requires changes in other components. The
considered Information System.				technological advance of microcomputers, the
Information Technology				development of communications that carry data,
The term "Information Technology" is all activity				voice, sounds and images, the application of
involving information processing and				computers and telecommunications to improve
communication through integrated electronic				products, services and organizations to identify
equipment. This term is broader and refers to "all				more clearly the profile of the information society.
kinds of technology that operates with				Today, the Information Technology helps to
information, is a system of information, the				create and disseminate knowledge and information
automation of an industrial process, the				throughout the organization through new work
communication between two computers				systems of knowledge, applications, providing
organizations, or the personal use of				access to data throughout the company and
computational resources.Information Technology				communications networks. IT is now seen as key
broadly refers to the resources used by a firm in				tool to trigger the business and its use becomes a
the processing and management of their data.				major factor responsible for the success of
These resources include hardware, software,				organizations, whether at the level of survival, is
communications (voice, data and video) and				to obtain greater competitiveness. The author
associated personnel. The information technology				puts that in light of this, the dependency of
is the capabilities offered by computer applications				organizations on IT is growing. In light of their
- software - and telecommunications. technologies				growing importance, but also its significant role in
and applications that combine the processing and				raising the competitiveness of the organization,
data storage with the capacity of transmission				the planning of its use should be part of
distance telecommunications. It presents as the				organizational strategies.
basic components of data processing and / or				The strategy of using the IT organization must
information and communication through integrated				be consistent with its strategy of business. This
electronic equipment for that.				alignment is to ensure that the allocation of
Information Technology and its Impact				resources for IT projects and provide guidelines
Technology is defined as the set of knowledge,				for its planning and priorities. However, what we
especially scientific and special, which apply to a				have seen in the course of history is a growing
particular branch of activity, can also be regarded				complexity in the task of seeking such affinity.
as a science that deals with the technique.				Main factors contributing to the misalignment
Technology is a packet of information organized in				between business and IT strategies:
different types (scientific, empirical ...), from				- Pressure from suppliers of technology solutions
various sources (scientific discoveries, patents,				for business;
books, manuals, drawings...), obtained by different				- IT management model still stuck to traditional
methods (research, development, copying,				models of information centralized;
intelligence ...) and used in the production of goods				- Profile of the professional management of IT;
and services. The author adds that "the				- IT professionals with a vision too technical;
knowledge and skills employed in the production				- Vision of IT and business end rather than
of technological packages are the technological				means;
capabilities. The growing development and				- Not consider the IT in the strategic context;
integration of the elements of the IT (hardware,				- Divergence in the training of Chief Information
software, communication networks, workstation				Officer (CIO) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) ;
[CAD, CAM, CIM, etc..], Robotics and intelligent				- Distribution of computing for the end user;
chips) have revolutionized the way to live, to				- Promises unfulfilled;
communicate, to think and do business. As				- Disputes for space and power;
information technology is being incorporated into				- Internal organization;
the production system, it will radically alter the				- Lack of distribution of responsibilities regarding
structure and the way in which work is				the success / failure of development of IT
performed, particularly with regard to the work of				solutions;
production and coordination Types of Information				- Low participation of the CEO with the area of
Technology.				IT;
To obtain reference on the possibility of strategic				- Lack of harmony between the management of
use of IT, it is necessary to know the set that				the corporation's IT and IT management of its
up. It may be considered as the following				business lines;
categories:a) Technology, hardware;b) Information				- Problems of communication as to language;
systems;c) Automation of offices;d) Engineering				- Reduction of the group of IT;
and design for computer and) industrial				- Low commitment of senior leadership in the
automation;f) Specific features of automation;g)				success / failure of IT solutions, planned;
Multimedia resources.				- CEO's position on the potential of IT;
The systematization of the most relevant set of				- Lack of prioritization of projects by the IT
Information Technology serves as a summary				professionals;
guide to research uses of the main strategic and				- Low capacity for understanding the strategies;
must be constantly updated as any classification				- Problems in the process of reporting strategies;
on the Information Technology becomes obsolete				- High turnover in office of the CIO;
quickly, due to the speed of advances in this area				The identification of the use of Information
. Examples of IT:a) Technology for the planning of				Technology in support of organizational strategies
information technology - computer methodologies,				can occur, and often occurs through a process
modeling data and processes, methodologies for				almost intuitive. However, there must be a
preparation of Master Plan of Information				systematization of this whole process. To facilitate
Technology;b) Technologies for the development				the process of using IT as a strategic resource,
of systems - methodologies for developing				some bases should be explored: the concepts of
systems, methodologies, project management,				optimal product and process, implementation of
methods of testing and debugging programs,				vision systems and vision essential to the analysis
techniques, systems analysis, technical design of				of problems / systems and the search for
systems, techniques, prototype, technical design				innovative solutions, which Technology Information
of seat data, techniques of programming;c)				can be used to make the company more
Technologies for the support of software -				competitive, which are fundamental aspects of
operating systems, systems management				business strategy can help organize the search of
database; software processing, utilities, monitors				solutions for strategic impact. Considered these
performance, programming language, leading to				issues, managers may be better placed to assess
implementation;d) Technology on production				whether their enterprises are ready to use IT as
processes and operations - CFP, capacity planning,				a support to organizational strategies.
performance management;e) Technologies on				The definition of opportunities and competitive
hardware support - supercomputers, large-sized				advantages with the use of information
computers, networks of computers, local				technology should follow the following steps:o
networks, linking micro-mainframe,				Understanding of the concepts of competitive
microcomputers, RISC architecture, and graphic				forces and strategies;o Definition of competitive
stations.				forces critical to the company;o Definition of
With knowledge of various types of existing IT,				strategies that the company adopts;o Assessing
the next step is to understand how they may be				the impact of Information Technology;o Definition
used in organizations as a support to organizational				of the degree of dependence on the company's
strategies.				Information Technology;o Definition of strategic
The Use of Information Technology in				opportunities for Information Technology.
Organizations				Strategic impacts that IT can create, thus
The rapid changes occurring in the business				summarized:a) Causes changes in the organization
environment require organizations to adapt and				of the work process (work becomes more
seek new ways to compete and to differentiate				abstract, reduction of time and space, providing
from competition. The Information Technology,				continuous knowledge of new ways of managing
who is also the core of many of the innovations				the business);b) Enables the integration between
used by organizations to succeed or even survive.				the various business units of the level of the
The Information Technology is now used as a				organization and beyond its borders (virtual
tool to promote competitiveness and acquire and				production chain). Business competitiveness
or sustain a competitive advantage against your				depends on a good interaction with suppliers and
competitors. This increased strategic use of IT is				customers, which can also be obtained via IT;c)
due to a change in the conception of the role of				Changes the competitive nature of many
information in organizations. Until the 1960s,				industries (strategic alliances and cooperative
information was often associated with the tasks				agreements between competitors, in which
of design, produces and distributes a producer				companies cooperate to share resources and
service. The first information system that was				services, gaining competitive advantage);d)
created was a semi-automatic system, called				Provides new strategic opportunities for
Electronic Accounting Machines (EAM) . In the				organizations causing an evaluation and redefinition
1960s, the organization began to recognize that				of the mission, the goals, strategies and
the information could be used to support the				operations;e) Require changes in management
management in general. The coming out of the				strategies and organizational structure, assuming
mainframe companies allowed to process data in				changes in organizational culture.
a centralized manner, and the mainframe became				The implementation of technological innovations
the center of the IT operations of the firm. The				often requires social-technical changes, which calls
Management Information Systems (GIS), was				for a relatively long time to adapt. This objective
developed for the proposal to increase the speed				is not easy to achieve because individuals resist
of reporting required. At that time, the applications				the change, both to those imposed on an
of IT targeted the automation of repetitive tasks				organization as to which employees are subjected
and decisions of investment in IT in general, were				to when their work is renovated. This is a major
evaluated in terms of cost reduction work The				obstacle to strategic transitions. Thus, for this
decision for the support system (DSS) and				process is successful, it is necessary that those
Executive Support Systems (SAE), came to				responsible for implementation of Information
improve and increase the speed of				Technology have a greater understanding of
decision-making process of specific managers and				organizational change. Degree of Complexity
executives in a wide range of problems. The				Management in Information Technology.
minicomputer also boosts the use of IT in firms				The studies in this area it is possible to give the
that had no financial capacity to invest in				participants act and be understanding of the
mainframe The return on investment in IT is				processes of formulating and implementing policies
related to cost reduction. The computers and				for the application of information technology
communications equipment and personnel are				administration, to meet the challenges of the
connected to a central data processing.				state, related to the principles of ethics, equity,
Users access the data online by consulting a				social justice and rationality: The professionals
computer terminal or reports. The data center is				involved will become able to:
also responsible for the development of various				- Know the potential of information technology in
software that processed and update to users.				solving problems of management in state
Also common was the existence of the				organizations.
department of Management Information System				- Structured information systems.
(GIS). This department had a team of analysts				- Specify a system in the area of information
and programmers who have identified, designed				technology.
and developed new software to support the				- Hiring and evaluating service providers in the
activities of the firm. The computer resources are				areas of management and information technology.
considered tools to support business.				The technical profile of the people involved will
In the mid-1980s, the concept of information has				occur in accordance with the potential to lead to
to be a strategic resource, a potential source of				lead processes of change. They should have
competitive advantage and a strategic weapon.				experience in managing teams or in the conduct
The strategic systems appeared to ensure the				of projects of implementation of information
survival and prosperity of the organization.				technology, knowledge preliminary to access the
The Information Technology has then taken a				database, logical quantitative, for challenges and
more inclusive, in which the implementation of				ease of performance and interpersonal
business increasingly depends on its application.				relationships. Technology and Information
The introduction of the personal computer (PC)				Management In the context of this review the
and a proliferation of standards for hardware and				concept of IT aims to be broader in scope, not
software have caused a change in organizations				limited only to hardware, software and data
and the role played by IT. As the PC had a lower				communications.
cost to the mainframe, the managers began to				Based on Etymologically the term technology,
develop individual applications beyond the control				there is the difficulty of establishing a total
of the GIS department, leading to a				separation between the terms information,
decentralization of information. These applications				information system and technology. The
would meet the departmental needs. The				implementation of IT requires a complete
Information Technology has involved all major				reorganization of the function information, which is
divisions of the company, dozens of full-time				heavily dependent on human resources particularly
programmers, consultants and multiple machines				considering the capacity of inter-relationship
(or remote computers linked by				personnel, ability to change and creativity.
telecommunications networks), and perhaps

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Information Science